Where did rinderpest originate?
Daniel Johnston
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Historical accounts suggest that rinderpest originated in the steppes of Central Eurasia, later sweeping across Europe and Asia with military campaigns and livestock imports. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the disease devastated parts of Africa.
When did rinderpest originate?
Measles virus evolved from the then-widespread rinderpest virus most probably between the 11th and 12th centuries. The earliest likely origin is during the seventh century; some linguistic evidence exists for this earlier origin.
When did rinderpest start in Africa?
Between 1888 and 1897, rinderpest virus (cattle plague) spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa, presumably for the first time, killing over 90 percent of African cattle and countless wildlife, expedited by European colonial conquest.
Who brought rinderpest to Africa?
According to Lugard (1893) the plague was introduced along the East Coast of Africa, opposite Aden, in 1889. The infection was probably introduced from Arabia or India. It was believed that the disease was carried southward along the Nile in 1890 by the Italian armies.
What is epizootic and enzootic?
Epizootiology deals with epizootic and enzootic levels of animal disease. An epizootic is defined as an outbreak of disease in which there is an unusually large number of cases, whereas an enzootic refers to a low level of disease that is constantly present in a population (Steinhaus, 1967; Onstad et al., 2006).
How We Eradicated Cattle Plague
When was the rinderpest in South Africa?
In the 1890s, an epizootic of the rinderpest virus struck Africa, considered to be "the most devastating epidemic to hit southern Africa in the late nineteenth century".
What is the etiology of rinderpest?
Rinderpest was caused by a paramyxovirus (genus Morbillivirus) closely related to those that cause measles in humans and viral distemper in dogs. The virus was transmitted by close direct or indirect contact. After an incubation period of three to nine days, fever and loss of appetite occurred in an infected animal.
When was rinderpest eradicated from Serengeti?
The Serengeti wildebeest were historically kept at low numbers by the rinderpest virus, but underwent a population explosion (irruption) after rinderpest was eradicated in the 1960s.
Which African country was first affected by rinderpest disease?
In February 1997, FAO warned that much of eastern Africa was on the brink of a disaster because of an upsurge of rinderpest in the pastoral areas of southern Kenya and northern United Republic of Tanzania.
What happened to the buffalo and wildebeest population after the rinderpest virus was eradicated?
This suggests that vaccines administered to cattle reduced rinderpest transmission from cattle to wildebeest. Eradication of the virus allowed the wildebeest population to rebound from around 200,000 animals in 1958 to around 1,200,000 in the late 1970s. Following this steep increase, the population stabilized.
When did India eradicate rinderpest?
The International Committee of World Organization for Animal Health OIE recognized India as free from Rinderpest infection on 25th May, 2006.
Who discovered rinderpest?
Vaccine developments
Robert Koch developed the first form of a rinderpest vaccine in 1897 when he noted that animals could be protected from the disease by injecting them with blood and bile from an infected animal7.
How did we eradicate rinderpest?
Rinderpest was a so-called dead-end disease for wild herds as their low population density inhibited the disease spread. Together with the development of a potent vaccine in 1960, the dead-end in wild herds played an important role in achieving the disease eradication in 2011.
Does rinderpest still exist?
Rinderpest is the second infectious disease, after smallpox, to have been eradicated. However, potentially infectious rinderpest virus material remains widely disseminated among research and diagnostic facilities across the world and poses a risk for disease recurrence should it be released.
What are the symptoms of rinderpest?
- grain-like bumps in the nostrils and inside the lips and cheeks that often develop into ulcers.
- discharge of watery mucus from eyes and nostrils, occasionally including blood.
- rapid breathing.
- reduced milk production in cows.
- loss of appetite.
- fever.
Where was cattle plague spread 1890?
The rinderpest epidemic of the 1890's was apparently the first in Africa; it swept through a whole continent of susceptible animals at a time when the only country to have a veterinary service was Cape Colony, and when the ox was the principal means of transport.
What is Rift Valley Fever?
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a viral disease most commonly seen in domesticated animals in sub-Saharan Africa, such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels. People can get RVF through contact with blood, body fluids, or tissues of infected animals, or through bites from infected mosquitoes.
How did the elimination of rinderpest affect the buffalo population?
Following reduction of rinderpest and buffalo population increase, interspecific competition for food, notably with cattle and wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus Burchell), was thought to be the primary regulatory factor in the ecosystem.
Did rinderpest infect humans?
Rinderpest is not known to infect humans, but its effect on cattle and other animals has had a tremendous impact on human livelihoods and food security, due to its ability to wipe out entire herds of cattle in a matter of days.
How did rinderpest enter Africa?
There was a large scale infection (pandemic) in Africa that caused major changes to animal life. Rinderpest entered in 1887 at Massawa from Indian cattle for the Italian army. Rinderpest swept from the Horn of Africa west to the Atlantic and south to the Cape of Good Hope.
What is black quarter disease?
Blackleg, black quarter, quarter evil, or quarter ill (Latin: gangraena emphysematosa) is an infectious bacterial disease most commonly caused by Clostridium chauvoei, a Gram-positive bacterial species. It is seen in livestock all over the world, usually affecting cattle, sheep, and goats.
In which of the following Continent did the rinderpest spread?
Devastating epizootics of rinderpest occurred across Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and a massive epizootic spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa in the late 19th century (1887–97), decimating populations of cattle and certain wildlife.
What causes cowpox?
Cowpox is a viral skin infection caused by the cowpox or catpox virus. This is a member of the Orthopoxvirus family, which includes the variola virus that causes smallpox. Cowpox is similar to but much milder than the highly contagious and sometimes deadly smallpox disease.
Is there a vaccine for rinderpest?
Development of the Plowright tissue culture rinderpest vaccine (TCRV) in 1960 [23] was an important milestone in rinderpest control that gave impetus to the first coordinated effort to eradicate rinderpest from all of Africa. TCRV was one of the finest vaccines ever developed in human or veterinary medicine.
