What are extrapyramidal side effects slideshare?
Daniel Johnston
Score: 4.8/5 (64 votes)
Extrapyramidal symptoms. ... These symptoms include dystonia (continuous spasms and muscle contractions), akathisia (motor restlessness), parkinsonism (characteristic symptoms such as rigidity), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and tremor, and tardive dyskinesia (irregular, jerky movements).
What is extrapyramidal side effect?
Extrapyramidal side effects: Physical symptoms, including tremor, slurred speech, akathesia, dystonia, anxiety, distress, paranoia, and bradyphrenia, that are primarily associated with improper dosing of or unusual reactions to neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medications.
Why extrapyramidal side effects occur?
Extrapyramidal symptoms are caused by dopamine blockade or depletion in the basal ganglia; this lack of dopamine often mimics idiopathic pathologies of the extrapyramidal system.
Which medications cause extrapyramidal side effects?
- chlorpromazine.
- haloperidol.
- levomepromazine.
- thioridazine.
- trifluoperazine.
- perphenazine.
- flupentixol.
- fluphenazine.
What is extrapyramidal system?
In anatomy, the extrapyramidal system is a part of the motor system network causing involuntary actions. The system is called extrapyramidal to distinguish it from the tracts of the motor cortex that reach their targets by traveling through the pyramids of the medulla.
Extrapyramidal Symptoms
How do you stop extrapyramidal side effects?
Your doctor may try decreasing your dose or switching your medication altogether to one that has been shown to have fewer extrapyramidal side effects. Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to help counteract extrapyramidal side effects, as are anti-parkinsonism drugs called anticholinergics.
What drugs treat extrapyramidal symptoms?
Pharmacological treatments most commonly consist of anticholinergic and antihistaminergic medications. Benzodiazepines, beta-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol), beta-adrenergic agonists (clonidine), or dopamine agonists (amantadine) may also be used.
Why metoclopramide cause extrapyramidal symptoms?
Even though the mechanism underlying extrapyramidal reactions is unclear, a striatal dopamine D2 receptor blockade is believed to be the principal cause [5]. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be encountered at the recommended dose and usually occur within the first 24-72 hour of administration [6].
What is Prozac and how does it work?
Prozac is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). It works by blocking the absorption of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. Regulating the amount of serotonin helps brain cells transmit messages to each other. This results in a better and more stable mood.
What is acute dystonic reaction?
Acute dystonic reaction is an acute neurological condition, commonly seen in the emergency department that is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that may manifest as torticollis, opisthotonus, dysarthria and/or oculogyric crisis [1].
What is EPS in pharmacology?
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients experience from dopamine-receptor blocking agents.
What is EPS diagnosis?
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) are symptoms that develop in our body's neurological system that cause involuntary or uncontrolled movements. Those symptoms may be in a variety of locations in the body including the trunk, arms, legs, feet, neck, mouth, and eyes.
What is cogentin used for?
Benztropine is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson's disease or involuntary movements due to the side effects of certain psychiatric drugs (antipsychotics such as chlorpromazine/haloperidol).
Is dystonia an extrapyramidal side effect?
Dystonic reactions are reversible extrapyramidal effects that can occur after administration of a neuroleptic drug. Symptoms may begin immediately or can be delayed hours to days. Although a wide variety of medications can elicit symptoms, the typical antipsychotics are most often responsible.
What is the antidote for metoclopramide?
There is no specific antidote for metoclopramide intoxication; however, antiparkinson and antihistamine/anticholinergic drugs (e.g. diphenhydramine, benztropine) have effectively controlled extrapyramidal reactions. Symptoms of metoclopramide overdose are generally self-limiting and usually subside within 24 hours.
What are extrapyramidal side effects of metoclopramide?
Metoclopramide can precipitate extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)/drug-induced movement disorders (DIMD). Tardive dyskinesia and Parkinsonism is generally seen after long-term use, whereas dystonia and akathisia can occur after a single dose of metoclopramide.
Which antiemetics are known to cause extrapyramidal symptoms?
Although extrapyramidal side effects of two commonly used antiemetics, metoclopramide and prochlorperazine, are well known, it may be difficult for even the experienced practitioner to distinguish some of these extrapyramidal reactions from such psychiatric symptoms as anxiety, depression, or catatonia.
What are the side effects of metoclopramide?
- feeling restless;
- feeling drowsy or tired;
- lack of energy;
- nausea, vomiting;
- headache, confusion; or.
- sleep problems (insomnia).
What causes extrapyramidal?
Extrapyramidal symptoms are most commonly caused by typical antipsychotic drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors. The most common typical antipsychotics associated with EPS are haloperidol and fluphenazine.
How are extrapyramidal effects managed?
Options in the management of antipsychotic-associated EPEs include using the lowest effective dosage of antipsychotic, treating the reactions with medications, and changing the antipsychotic to one with less potential for inducing EPEs.
How do anticholinergic treat extrapyramidal symptoms?
When anticholinergic agents, such as benztropine, are given to relieve EPS, the intention is to block the excessive nigrostriatal acetylcholine transmission that ultimately causes the motor side effects.
What is the difference between tardive dyskinesia and EPS?
Summary. Extrapyramidal symptoms can affect how you move, and tardive dyskinesia is one form of EPS that mostly affects your face. Both EPS and tardive dyskinesia are caused by antipsychotic medications.
Which antipsychotic drug has the highest rate of extrapyramidal effects?
Risk factors are the choice of a particular second-generation agent (with clozapine carrying the lowest risk and risperidone the highest), high doses, history of previous extrapyramidal symptoms, and comorbidity.
What are atypical medications?
The term "atypical" refers to an antipsychotic medication that produces minimal extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) at clinically effective antipsychotic doses, has a low propensity to cause tardive dyskinesia (TD) with long-term treatment, and treats both positive and negative signs and symptoms of schizophrenia [1].
